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消费者权益维护问题解决途径探析/高重迎

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-06-30 02:30:37  浏览:9991   来源:法律资料网
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   ◇高重迎 河南财经政法大学法学院 副教授

  关键词: 消费者维权问题/消费者行政/消费者法制/消费者救济
  内容提要: 消费者权益维护问题实质上就是关于消费者权益的维护问题。目前,解决消费者问题的途径主要是司法途径与行政途径。现实中,司法救济制度并不完善,而行政措施又存在一定的局限性,因此应该遵循完善消费者行政规制、强化个别民法规制、注重自主规制之思路,企业、消费者、行政部门协同一致,采用合理、有效的共同规制手段切实解决消费者问题。


一、消费者问题的认知

(一)消费者维权问题的界定

对消费者问题的认知,首先应该清楚地界定消费者问题这一概念。学者们普遍认为,界定消费者问题与定义消费者同样困难。广义上讲,消费者问题就是社会中产生的与人们消费生活相关联的一种社会现象。实际上在生产与消费分离以前并不可能存在消费者问题,正是因为“消费生活”的到来,即“消费者”的出现,消费者问题才被作为一种社会问题为人们所认知。因此与其说消费者问题是由消费者的特性而产生的问题,倒不如说是反映消费者本身所具有的性质、特质的一种社会问题。由此可知,现实中的消费者问题就是关于消费者利益和消费者权利的维护问题,换言之,就是消费者权利的实现问题,是商品经济发展到一定阶段,在特定的经济、社会条件下所产生的具有广泛社会影响的一种社会问题。[1]

(二)消费者问题产生的原因

1.社会原因

第一,商品经济的发展与社会分工的实现。考察其发展历史,不难发现消费者问题的产生具有一定的历史渊源。人类社会由自然经济发展到商品经济,生产目的与消费从根本上发生了变化,绝大多数的商品不是由其生产者或销售者来消费的,而消费者也并不是其所需消费品的生产者。如此一来,消费者所进行的消费生活,首先要购买所需的商品,其次是使用或消费这些商品。消费生活中一旦发生消费者在市场上购买商品和服务与其支出的货币价值不等,就意味着消费者的利益受到了损害。现实生活中这种现象极为常见,如企业通过价格欺诈、以次充好、缺斤少两等手法损害消费者利益等。

第二,信息不对称。由于社会分工日益发达,商品流通环节增多,消费者在获取自己真正需要的商品和服务方面也变得日益困难,商品、服务信息的失真最终导致产生不能满足消费者需要的结果,再加之市场中的新型商品、服务增多,在购买过程中如果销售者的宣传、介绍不准确,很容易误导消费者,事实上会限制消费者的选择权,最终损害消费者的利益。

第三,经济垄断。经济垄断是消费者问题产生的重要原因之一。在生产和经营中处于支配地位的一些经济组织和大企业在市场交易中明显处于优势地位,他们往往会滥用自身雄厚的经济实力,通过实施或制订对自己有利的价格条件、产品标准以及不合理的霸王条款等控制、垄断市场,获取高额利润,而市场中处于弱势地位的广大消费者往往迫于市场供求等情况而不得不接受这种不公平的交易,完全丧失了自由选择的权利。加之一些中小企业也利用这种市场条件向广大消费者转嫁损失,广大消费者成为最终的利益受损者。

2.消费者自身的特质原因

第一,企业与消费者之间格差的存在。首先应该明白,企业与消费者之间的格差不仅仅是指在资金、资本等经济面的格差,还包括与商品、服务的内容、性质相关的知识、信息以及判断力方面的格差。二者之间的格差不是一种简单地差别而是一种特质的差异。从实力的格差可以看出消费者始终处于劣于企业的从属地位。众所周知,企业与消费者实质上是一种非对称的两个群体。

第二,消费者的弱势地位。(1)精神面的弱势。消费者作为自然人,其身体、生命、身心等容易受伤害。比如,使用缺陷商品导致受伤、死亡事故发生,会对消费者造成重大的人身损害。另外,某些消费者担心、顾虑因拒绝劝诱销售人员可能会引来不必要的麻烦或者会遭到报复等而无法拒绝讨厌的劝诱销售等等,这是一般消费者的心理特质。(2)经济面的弱势。日常生活中,尽管消费者所遭受的损失相对较小,但是却直接关系到消费者的生活,有时还有可能会严重影响消费者的日常生活。

第三,缺乏负担转嫁能力。一般来讲,企业为了保护自身利益会把一些额外的费用(比如损害赔偿费用等)算进商品、服务的成本、价格中,进而转嫁给商品、服务的购买者、消费者,而消费者却没有这种机会也没有这种能力,也就是说消费者只能甘受所发生的损害,并且有时还不得不承担解决纠纷所需要的时间、费用等。

(三)消费者被害

现实社会中消费者被害的现象屡屡发生。消费者在日常生活中承受着具体的、各种各样的损失,这不仅包括身体损失与财产损失,还包括由此所带来的让消费者不愉快的精神方面的损失。而这种精神损失在交易中一般是意识不到的,但却是实际存在的。这些均是消费者直接承受的损失,称之为“直接损失”。但是市场中还存在这样的情况,如果消费者在不知情、不明真相的情况下继续购买不良商品,那么这些不良商品就会继续留在市场中,生产这些不良商品、效率低下的企业也会继续留在市场中。另外还有消费者在明白了事实真相之后,还想继续购买这种优质的商品,而该商品却已经停止生产退市了。这些情况都会给消费者带来损失,只是消费者一般认识不到这种损失,这是由消费者向市场传达需求信息、介入交易市场而间接产生的损失,称之为“间接损失”。因为市场供求已经形成了定规,所以对消费者来说这种间接损失要比直接损失还要大。

需要明确的是,消费者问题不仅仅局限于消费者被害,还涉及到与消费者被害相关联的一些其他方面的问题。[2]

二、现行消费者维权问题解决途径

(一)消费者法制

众所周知,消费者法制是为了解决消费者问题而设置的法律制度,也是为了实现消费者政策目的的手段之一。在消费者政策中,为了解决消费者问题,消费者法制所采权的手段、策略大致上有:1.行政规制。行政规制是多数行业法制所采取的手法。一般来讲,行政规制有事前规制与事后规制之分。比如,对于一些特殊行业所实行的许可制、认证制,事前对其开业条件以及禁止销售未得到许可的商品、服务等的规制均属于事前规制的例子。然而,对诸如劝诱销售行为、商品标示、商业广告等,则规定了企业应该遵守的义务与承担的责任,如果违反则会受到(行政或刑事)制裁等,这些规制均属于事后规制。可见,以行政权力规制企业,可以间接地保护消费者权益。2.维持市场竞争秩序。为了确保市场的公平竞争与透明性,政府通过行政手段介入市场,规制市场中企业的竞争行为,维持市场竞争秩序,再通过市场机制,淘汰那些效率低下的企业,选择那些高效的企业留在市场,以抑制、减少消费者问题。3.民事规制。民事规制是指通过诉讼程序、裁判规范直接介入企业与消费者的契约关系,确保消费者权益的手段。

消费者问题终究还是要依据消费者法制来解决,这其中消费者行政的作用是不可或缺的。[3]

(二)消费者行政

原则上,消费者的被害救济主要是依靠司法途径来解决,而防止消费者被害以及制止消费者被害扩大等问题则主要是由消费者行政来解决的。这里所说的消费者行政是保护消费者利益的一种行政行为,也称消费者保护行政或消费者政策。消费者问题是由消费者自己认识到之后,由消费者自己通过消费者运动提出来的。通常情况下,即便是消费者意识到了自己已蒙受损失,但如果消费者自己不予理睬,那么加害企业是根本认识不到的。因此,需要消费者行政部门从消费者的角度考察消费生活的真实情况以及受害事实,谋求解决问题的方法,真正发挥行政部门的作用。比如,依据生活中消费者遭受不合格商品的损害而投诉到相关行政机关,行政机关可向消费者提供一些解决问题的途径、方法与建议等,站在中立的立场上从中调解被害者(消费者)与加害企业之间的关系,促使二者协商解决纠纷。

作为解决消费者问题的行政手段,介入市场的方法有两种。其一,利用行政权利来规制、管制强势的企业,本文称之为“规制行政”。具体执行者主要包括各个行业的主管机关,即各类行业法的主要执行机关;其二,相对于强势的企业来讲,处于劣势、弱势的消费者十分需要帮助与支援,对从事这类援助消费者事务的行政,本文称之为“援助行政”。如社会组织性质的消费者协会、各主管机关内设置的消费者投诉中心等均属于该类“援助行政”机构。这些组织、部门虽然没有规制、管制企业的权利,但作为行政机关则承担着消费者教育、向消费者提供信息、处理消费者投诉等职责。

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储蓄国债(电子式)代销试点管理办法(试行)

财政部 中国人民银行


储蓄国债(电子式)代销试点管理办法(试行)
  财库[2006]20号


  关于印发《储蓄国债(电子式)代销试点管理办法(试行)》的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市财政厅(局),人民银行上海总部,各分行、营业管理部、省会(首府)城市中心支行、副省级城市中心支行,2004年凭证式国债承销团成员,中央国债登记结算有限责任公司:

为丰富国债品种、提高国债发行信息化管理水平,经研究,财政部、中国人民银行决定于近期开展储蓄国债(电子式)代销试点工作。

为规范储蓄国债(电子式)代销试点工作,维护投资人和试点商业银行的合法权益,根据国家有关法律法规,财政部会同中国人民银行制订了《储蓄国债(电子式)代销试点管理办法(试行)》(附后)。现印发给你们,请按照执行。

附件:储蓄国债(电子式)代销试点管理办法(试行)

  中华人民共和国财政部
    中国人民银行
  二○○六年三月二十一日


  第一章 总则

第一条 为规范储蓄国债(电子式)(以下简称储蓄国债)代销试点工作,维护投资人和试点商业银行的合法权益,根据国家有关法律法规,制定本办法。

第二条 本办法所称储蓄国债,是指财政部在中华人民共和国境内发行,通过试点商业银行面向个人投资者销售的、以电子方式记录债权的不可流通人民币债券。

第三条 本办法所称试点商业银行,是指经批准办理储蓄国债代销试点业务的商业银行。

第四条 本办法所称储蓄国债代销试点业务,是指试点商业银行通过各自营业网点柜台,代理财政部发行和兑付储蓄国债及办理经批准的与储蓄国债相关的其他各类业务。

第五条 财政部会同中国人民银行负责制订储蓄国债的相关政策,确定试点商业银行资格,并对试点商业银行储蓄国债代销试点业务进行监督检查。

第六条 财政部委托中央国债登记结算有限责任公司(以下简称中央国债公司)开发和维护相应业务系统,用于管理储蓄国债发行额度分配和接收、核对并记录试点商业银行代销储蓄国债数据;制定数据传输规范,下发系统参数;协助财政部完成资金清算;提供代销业务管理信息和信息查询服务。

第七条 财政部会同中国人民银行授权中央国债公司根据本办法制定《储蓄国债(电子式)代销试点业务实施细则》。

第二章 储蓄国债管理的基本原则

第八条 储蓄国债发行对象为个人投资者。企事业单位、行政机关和社会团体等机构投资者不得购买。

第九条 储蓄国债以电子方式记录债权,通过投资者在试点商业银行开设的人民币结算账户进行资金清算。

第十条 储蓄国债从开始发行之日起计息,付息方式分为利随本清和定期付息。财政部于指定付息日或到期日通过试点商业银行向投资者支付利息和本金。

第十一条 储蓄国债不可流通转让,但可以办理提前兑取、质押贷款、非交易过户等。

第十二条 储蓄国债个人债权托管账户实行实名制,具体办法比照《个人存款账户实名制规定》(中华人民共和国国务院令第285号)执行。

第十三条 储蓄国债试点期间,先行推出固定利率固定期限和固定利率变动期限两个品种。

第三章 试点商业银行

第十四条 试点商业银行由财政部会同中国人民银行从凭证式国债承销团成员中确定。

第十五条 申请承办储蓄国债试点业务的商业银行应向财政部、中国人民银行报送下列材料:

(一)承办储蓄国债代销试点业务的申请书。

(二)储蓄国债代销业务管理系统(以下简称代销系统)开发方案。

(三)代销系统内部测试报告和中央国债公司出具的联网测试报告。

(四)储蓄国债代销业务内部管理办法和操作规程。

(五)储蓄国债代销业务相关业务单据。

(六)财政部和中国人民银行要求的其他资料。

第十六条 被批准的试点商业银行应与财政部签订《储蓄国债(电子式)代销试点协议》,协议原则上一年一签。

第十七条 财政部会同中国人民银行核准试点商业银行一级分行开办储蓄国债代销试点业务。试点商业银行确定开办代销试点的营业网点后,应将营业网点名单报当地财政部门、中国人民银行当地分支机构备案,并向社会公布。

第十八条 试点商业银行承办以下业务:

(一)为投资者开立个人国债账户,办理储蓄国债债权托管、结算及相关业务。

(二)通过投资者指定资金账户,为投资者办理与储蓄国债相关的资金清算业务。

(三)通过各自营业网点柜台,办理储蓄国债发行认购、还本付息、提前兑取、终止投资、质押贷款、非交易过户等业务;应投资者要求为其开立储蓄国债持有证明(财产证明)。

(四)进行储蓄国债政策宣传,为投资者提供储蓄国债发行条件、业务操作规程、个人债权持有情况等信息咨询、查询服务。

第十九条 试点商业银行享有以下权利:

(一)参加储蓄国债代销试点工作,与财政部商定《储蓄国债(电子式)代销试点协议》条款内容。

(二)对储蓄国债试点相关政策提出意见和建议。

(三)获取发行手续费和本办法规定的其他各类手续费收入。

(四)通过规定渠道及时获取储蓄国债相关信息。

(五)优先成为储蓄国债承销团成员。

第二十条 试点商业银行应履行以下义务:

(一)开发统一互联的代销系统,实现储蓄国债债权一级法人集中管理,所有经办网点销售额度自由调剂和同城通买通兑。

(二)连续参加储蓄国债试点工作,按照规定办理储蓄国债试点业务;在申请到的额度以内对外销售;按时足额向财政部缴纳发行款,向投资者支付兑付资金。

(三)准确记载投资者储蓄国债债权及变动情况,保守债权秘密、确保债权安全。

(四)按照规定的内容、时间和格式向中央国债公司传递储蓄国债代销业务数据,配合中央国债公司进行账务核对。

(五)制订储蓄国债内部管理规章制度,明确部门分工和岗位职责,规范业务操作,建立内部考核和风险防范措施。

(六)及时向财政部和中国人民银行报告影响储蓄国债代销业务的重大事项,接受监督检查。

第四章 储蓄国债代销试点业务

第二十一条 储蓄国债以100元为单位办理各项业务,并按单期国债设单个个人国债账户最低、最高购买限制额。

第二十二条 投资者购买储蓄国债需在试点商业银行开立个人国债账户,开户时应提供有效身份证件,投资者在同一试点商业银行只允许开设一个账户。

第二十三条 对于连续5年余额为零的个人国债账户,试点商业银行有权予以注销。

第二十四条 投资者购买储蓄国债需在个人国债账户开户行指定一个人民币结算账户(借记卡或活期存款账户)作为个人国债账户的资金清算账户,资金清算账户与个人国债账户的开户人应为同一人。投资者可变更资金清算账户。

第二十五条 储蓄国债可以在规定的时间内到原购买银行联网网点办理提前兑取,提前兑取需做一定利益扣除,并按兑取本金的一定比例收取手续费。

第二十六条 固定利率变动期限品种储蓄国债的投资者可以在规定时间内提出终止投资申请,也可以在同一期间内撤销该申请,终止投资的本息于指定日期清算,终止投资不收手续费。

第二十七条 因法院判决而扣划给其他个人的储蓄国债债权,试点商业银行应依据判决结果办理非交易过户;因法院判决扣划给非个人的债权,应按照有关规定变现后划转资金。

第二十八条 投资者在办理开户、认购、提前兑付、终止投资、质押贷款、非交易过户等储蓄国债代销试点业务时,应向试点商业银行提交书面指令。试点商业银行应在其代销系统中保留完整的指令记录,并按相关规定提供书面交割记录。

第二十九条 遇法定节假日,试点银行照常办理提前兑取、付息和兑付业务,如法定节假日同为发行期试点银行除办理上述业务外,还应办理开户和发行业务。

第三十条 储蓄国债付息日(非到期日)和到期日前规定的若干个工作日内,停止办理提前兑取、非交易过户等一切与债权转移相关的业务。

第三十一条 储蓄国债试点期间免收个人国债账户开户费及服务费用,但对投资者申请开通记账式国债柜台交易,可以参照商业银行记账式国债柜台债券托管账户开户费的有关规定收取一定交易开通费,不再另收账户开户费。

试点商业银行办理提前兑取、非交易过户、债券账户凭证的挂失补办和开立财产证明可以按照有关规定收取一定的手续费用。办理其他储蓄国债代销试点业务如需收费,须报财政部批准;试点商业银行不得因办理储蓄国债清算业务而对相应资金清算账户增加收费。

第五章 债权托管和资金清算

第三十二条 储蓄国债债权实行二级托管体制,中央国债公司为一级托管机构,试点商业银行为二级托管机构。

第三十三条 中央国债公司为试点商业银行开立储蓄国债代理总账户,记载各试点商业银行代销的储蓄国债总量债权。中央国债公司对一级托管债权的真实性、准确性、完整性和安全性负责。

第三十四条 试点商业银行为投资者开立个人国债账户,记载投资者拥有的储蓄国债明细债权。经过中央国债公司核查后,试点商业银行所记载的个人国债账户中储蓄国债余额为投资者所拥有的债券数额。试点商业银行对二级托管债权的真实性、准确性、完整性和安全性负责。

第三十五条 二级托管债权不能在试点商业银行间办理转托管。

第三十六条 试点商业银行应按规定将储蓄国债代销试点业务数据传送至中央国债公司。中央国债公司应根据试点商业银行提供的业务数据,对其有关账户和债权数据进行复核,全部核对和调整工作应于次日内完成。

第三十七条 试点商业银行建立债权查询系统,通过柜台和电话为投资者提供债权余额及发生额查询服务;中央国债公司建立电话语音债权复核查询系统,为投资者提供债权余额复核查询服务。投资者对债券余额有疑问的,可先向试点商业银行提出咨询,未能得到解决的,可向当地财政部门和中国人民银行当地分支机构反映。

第三十八条 储蓄国债资金实行二级清算体制,财政部与试点商业银行进行一级清算,投资者与试点商业银行进行二级清算。

第三十九条 财政部于付息日和到期日前不少于一个工作日将债券利息或本金划给试点商业银行;试点商业银行应于付息日和到期日营业开始前向投资者资金清算账户一次足额划付资金。

第四十条 投资者提前兑取和终止投资储蓄国债的本息由试点商业银行暂时垫付,财政部在指定日期与试点商业银行清算。

第四十一条 由于个人资金清算账户注销或者账户信息错误导致无法正常完成二级清算,试点商业银行应当将无法支付的兑付资金设专户保留,并通知投资者,待投资者补充正确信息后支付相应资金。

第六章 监督检查

第四十二条 财政部会同中国人民银行负责对试点商业银行及中央国债公司的储蓄国债相关业务进行监督检查,各级财政部门、人民银行当地分支机构对试点商业银行当地分支网点办理储蓄国债业务情况进行监督检查。

第四十三条 经财政部会同中国人民银行授权,中央国债公司可对试点商业银行的二级托管账务进行核查。

第四十四条 试点商业银行有以下行为之一,财政部将会同中国人民银行视情节轻重采取通报、警告、暂停或取消试点资格等措施进行处罚:

(一)在储蓄国债计算机管理系统外盗用国债名义发售储蓄国债,委托其他机构代理销售储蓄国债。

(二)不能及时、足额向财政部缴纳发行款,向投资者支付兑付资金。

(三)无故停办、缓办储蓄国债业务,利用储蓄国债名义揽储。

(四)伪造债权账务记录、出具虚假债权托管证明、泄露投资者账户秘密。

(五)其他违反本办法规定的行为。

特殊情况下,财政部可做出暂停试点商业银行资格的决定,正式处理意见待财政部会同中国人民银行后做出决定。

第四十五条 中央国债公司有下列行为之一,财政部将会同中国人民银行给予通报、警告,并通报主管部门对主要负责人和直接责任人给予纪律处分:

(一)发布虚假信息或泄漏非公开信息,给投资者造成严重损失。

(二)为试点商业银行违规操作提供便利。

(三)泄漏试点商业银行和投资者信息秘密。

(四)工作失误,给财政部、试点商业银行或投资者造成严重损失。

(五)其他违反本办法规定的行为。

第四十六条 试点商业银行和中央国债公司违反上述规定,情节特别严重已触犯刑律的,移交司法机关处理。

第七章 附则

第四十七条 储蓄国债质押贷款业务管理办法另行制订。

第四十八条 本办法由财政部、中国人民银行负责解释。

第四十九条 本办法自2006年3月21日起施行。



MONEY LENDERS ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


MONEY LENDERS ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 163)
 CONTENTS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title and application
  nterpretation
  rdinance not to apply to authorized institutions
  egistrar of Money Lenders and supervisory functions of Registrar
  fficial secrecy
  nspection of register
  Documents admissible in evidence
  II    LICENSING OF MONEY LENDERS
  estriction on carrying on of business of money lender
  pplication for licence and public notification of application
  nvestigation and lodgement of applications
  Licensing court
  Selection of assessors and payment of fees to assessors
  Powers of licensing court
  Immunity
  Determination of application for licence
  Effect and duration of licence
  Renewal
  Revocation and suspension
  Transfer of licence and addition or substitution of new premises
  Appeals
  Duty to notify changes of particulars
  III   MONEY LENDERS' TRANSACTIONS
  Form of agreement
  Duty of money lender to give information to borrower
  Duty of money lender to give information to surety
  Early payment by borrower
  Illegal agreements
  Loan etc. not recoverable unless money lender licensed
  IV    EXCESSIVE INTEREST RATES
  Prohibition of excessive interest rates
  Reopening of certain transactions
  V    GENERAL
  Restriction on money-lending advertisements
  Charges for expenses etc. not recoverable
  Power of Registrar and police to enter premises and inspect books,
  
  Offences by money lenders
  Offences of fraudulent inducement and obstruction
  Offences relating to licensing court
  Liability for offences by companies
  Penalties and disqualification
  Time limitation for instituting certain prosecutions
  Burden of proof
  General exemptions
  Specific exemptions
  Legislative Council may amend Schedule 1
  Regulations
  Saving
  Existing loans
  dule 1
  dule 2
  provide for the control and regulation of money lenders and 
money-
  ing transactions, the appointment of a Registrar of Money Lenders 
and
  licensing of persons carrying on business as money lenders; to
provide
  ection and relief against excessive interest rates and 
extortionate
  ulations in respect of loans; to provide for offences and for 
matters
  ected with or incidental to the foregoing; and to repeal the 
Money-
  ers Ordinance 1911.
  December 1980] L. N. 347 of 1980
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title and application
  This Ordinance may be cited as the Money Lenders Ordinance.
  This Ordinance shall have effect notwithstanding any agreement
to the
  rary.
  nterpretation
  In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  pany" means a body corporate--
  incorporated under the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
  incorporated by any other Ordinance; or
  incorporated or established outside Hong Kong; (Added 69 of 1988
s. 2)
  qualified person" means a person in respect of whom there is in 
force
  rder made by a court under section 32 (2);
  ective rate", in relation to interest, means the true 
annual
  entage rate of interest calculated in accordance with Schedule
2;
  nded 69 of 1988 s. 2)
  m" means an unincorporate body of 2 or more individuals, or 1 or 
more
  viduals and 1 or more companies, or 2 or more companies, who 
have
  red into partnership with one another with a view to 
carrying on
  ness for profit; (Amended 69 of 1988 s. 2)
  erest" does not include any sum lawfully agreed to be 
paid in
  rdance with this Ordinance on account of stamp duty or other 
similar
  , but save as aforesaid includes any amount (by whatever name 
called)
  xcess of the principal, which amount has been or is to be 
paid or
  ble in consideration of or otherwise in respect of a loan;
  ence" means a money lender's licence granted under section 
11 or
  wed under section 13, and "licensed" and "licensee" have
corresponding
  ings; (Amended 69 of 1988 s. 2)
  ensing court" means--
  a magistrate sitting alone; or
  a magistrate sitting with 2 assessors,
  he case may be, in accordance with section 10, 14 or 15; (Replaced 
69
  988 s. 2)
  n" includes advance, discount, money paid for or on account of 
or on
  lf of or at the request of any person, or the forbearance to 
require
  ent of money owing on any account whatsoever, and every 
agreement
  tever its terms or form may be) which is in substance or effect
a loan
  oney, and also an agreement to secure the repayment of any such 
loan,
  "lend" and "lender" shall be construed accordingly;
  ey lender" means every person whose business (whether or 
not he
  ies on any other business) is that of making loans or who 
advertises
  nnounces himself or holds himself out in any way as carrying on 
that
  ness, but does not include--
  a person specified in Part 1 of Schedule 1; or
  as respects a loan specified in Part 2 of Schedule 1, any person 
who
  s such loan; (Amended 69 of 1988 s. 2)
  scribed" means prescribed by regulations made under section 34;
  ncipal", in relation to a loan, means the amount actually lent;
  ister" means the register kept by the Registrar under section 4;
  istrar" means the Registrar of Money Lenders appointed under 
section
  
  sidiary" means subsidiary within the meaning of section 2 
of the
  anies Ordinance (Cap. 32). (Added 69 of 1988 s. 2)
  
  For the purposes of this Ordinance, where by an agreement for the
loan
  oney the interest charged on the loan is not expressed in terms 
of a
  , any amount paid or payable to the lender under the agreement 
(other
  simple interest charged in accordance with the proviso to section
22)
  l be appropriated to principal and interest in the proportion that
the
  l amount of principal bears to the total amount of the interest, 
and
  rate per cent per annum represented by the interest 
charged as
  ulated in accordance with Schedule 2 shall be deemed to be the
rate of
  rest charged on the loan. (Amended 69 of 1988 s. 2)
  For the purpose of determining the amount of the principal of a 
loan,
  amount thereof which is not shown to have been lent except for 
the
  ose of treating it as an instalment paid by the borrower in 
repayment
  he loan and which is so treated by the lender shall be disregarded.
  References in this Ordinance to an assessor are references to a
person
  inted to a panel of assessors under section 7A of the 
Magistrates
  nance (Cap. 227). (Added 69 of 1988 s. 2)
  rdinance not to apply to authorized institutions
  Ordinance shall not apply to--
  an authorized institution within the meaning of the Banking
Ordinance
  . 155); or
  as respects a loan made to such an authorized institution, any 
person
  makes such loan.
  laced 69 of 1988 s. 3)
  egistrar of Money Lenders and supervisory functions of Registrar
  The Governor shall appoint a public officer to be the 
Registrar of
  y Lenders.
  The Registrar shall establish and maintain a register in 
which he
  l cause to be kept particulars, other than specified particulars,
of--
  applications for the grant or renewal of licences; (Amended 69
of 1988
  )
  licences which are in force or have been revoked or suspended;
  such other matters, if any, as he thinks fit.
  In this section "specified particulars" means particulars 
furnished
  r section 8 which are specified in regulations made under 
section 34
  articulars which shall not be entered in the register.
  fficial secrecy
  Except as may be necessary for the exercise or performance 
of any
  tion or duty under this Ordinance or for carrying into 
effect the
  isions of this Ordinance, the Registrar and every person 
employed in
  ying out or in assisting any person to carry out the 
provisions of
  Ordinance--
  shall preserve and aid in preserving secrecy with regard 
to all
  ers relating to the affairs of any person that may come 
to his
  ledge in the exercise or performance of any function or duty 
under
  Ordinance;
  shall not communicate any such matter to any person other 
than the
  on to whom such matter relates; and
  shall not suffer or permit any person to have access to any records
in
  possession, custody or control of any person to whom this 
subsection
  ies.
  
  Subsection (1) does not apply--
  to the disclosure of information in the form of a summary of 
similar
  rmation provided by a number of persons if the summary is so framed
as
  revent particulars relating to the business of any particular 
person
  g ascertained from it;
  to the disclosure of information with a view to the institution
of, or
  rwise for the purposes of, any criminal proceedings; (Replaced 
69 of
  s. 5)
  in connection with any civil proceedings arising out of, or 
relating
  section 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 33, 33B or 36; or (Added 69 of 1988
s. 5)
  to the disclosure of information to the Financial 
Secretary, the
  etary for Monetary Affairs, or any public officer authorized 
by the
  ncial Secretary for the purposes of this paragraph where, 
in the
  ion of the Registrar, it is desirable or expedient that 
information
  ld be disclosed in the public interest. (Added 69 of 1988 s. 5)
  Any person who--
  contravenes subsection (1); or
  aids, abets, counsels or procures any person to contravene
subsection
  commits an offence and shall be liable to a fine of $ 100,000 and 
to
  isonment for 2 years.
  nspection of register
  Any person shall be entitled on payment of the prescribed fee--
  to inspect the register during ordinary office hours and take 
copies
  ny entry; or
  to obtain from the Registrar a copy, certified by or 
under the
  ority of the Registrar to be correct, of any entry in the register.
  The Registrar shall give public notice, in such manner as he may 
deem
  of the place where and the times when the register may be
inspected.
  Documents admissible in evidence
  cument purporting to be a copy, certified by or under the
authority of
  Registrar to be true and correct, of any entry in the register 
shall
  dmissible in evidence in criminal or civil proceedings 
before any
  t on its production without further proof and, until the 
contrary is
  ed, the court shall presume that--
  the signature and certification to the document is that 
of the
  strar or a person authorized by him in that behalf, and
  the document is a true and correct copy.
  ed 69 of 1988 s. 6)
 PART II LICENSING OF MONEY LENDERS
  
  estriction on carrying on of business of money lender
  No person shall carry on business as a money lender--
  without a licence;
  at any place other than the premises specified in such licence;
or
  
  rwise than in accordance with the conditions of a licence.
  A licence shall be in the prescribed form.
  pplication for licence and public notification of application
  An application for a licence shall be made to the Registrar in 
the
  cribed form and in the prescribed manner, and shall be accompanied 
by
  prescribed fee and a statement in writing containing the 
prescribed
  iculars in respect of the application.
  An application made under this section in respect of a company
may be
  by any person authorized in that behalf by such company. (Amended 
69
  988 s. 7)
  An application made under this section in respect of partners 
in a
  may be made by any such partner.
  The Registrar shall, in such manner as may be prescribed, give 
public
  ce of every application made under this section.
  nvestigation and lodgement of applications
  Where an application is made under section 8, the applicant 
shall at
  same time send a copy of the application to the 
Commissioner of
  ce, and the Commissioner of Police may cause an investigation 
to be
  ied out in respect of the application for the purpose of 
determining
  her, in the opinion of the Commissioner of Police, there are 
grounds
  objecting to the application under section 11.
  For the purpose of carrying out an investigation under this 
section,
  Commissioner of Police may in writing require the applicant to
produce
  inspection such books, records or documents or to 
furnish such
  rmation relating to the application or any business carried 
on or
  nded to be carried on by him as the Commissioner of 
Police may
  ify.
  In respect of an application made under section 8, no step other 
than
  registration of such application shall be taken by the Registrar
prior
  
  the date on which a period of 60 days after the date on which 
the
  ication is made expires; or
  the date on which the Commissioner of Police notifies the 
Registrar
  any investigation carried out under this section in respect of 
the
  ication has been completed, whichever is the earlier (in this 
section
  rred to as "the material date").
  Where the Registrar or the Commissioner of Police intends to 
object
  r section 11 to any application for a licence, he shall, not 
later
  7 days after the material date, serve notice on the applicant of 
his
  ntion to object and of the grounds of such objection; and where 
such
  ce is served by the Commissioner of Police, he shall send a 
copy
  eof to the Registrar.
  Upon the expiration of a period of 7 days after the material date 
in
  ect of any application made under section 8, the Registrar shall
lodge
  application with such magistrate as he deems fit, together with
a copy
  ny notice served on the applicant under subsection (4). 
(Replaced 69
  988 s. 8)
  The Registrar shall give notice to the Commissioner of Police of 
any
  ement made under subsection (5).
  
  Licensing court
  Where an application is lodged under section 9 (5), the 
licensing
  t shall hear and determine the application in accordance with
section
  
  For the purposes of hearing and determining an application 
lodged
  r section 9 (5), the licensing court shall be constituted by-
-
  where no notice has been served on the applicant under section 
9 (4)
  1 (2) (b) (i), subject to subsection (3), a magistrate sitting 
alone;
  
  where a notice has been served on the applicant under section 9
(4) or
  2) (b) (i), a magistrate sitting with 2 assessors.
  Without limiting the generality of the power of the licensing 
court
  r section 10B (f) to adjourn the hearing of an application 
lodged
  r section 9 (5), the licensing court shall, where--
  it is constituted by a magistrate sitting alone; and
  it grants leave under section 11 (2) (b) (ii) to a person to object
to
  application, adjourn the hearing to another date to be 
heard and
  rmined by the licensing court constituted by a magistrate sitting
with
  sessors.
  Where the licensing court is constituted by a magistrate sitting 
with
  sessors, the decision of the licensing court shall be that 
of the
  rity of the members and shall be recorded in writing:
  ided that the magistrate's rulings on matters of law shall bind 
the
  nsing court.
  The Registrar shall be provided with a copy of each decision of 
the
  nsing court. (Replaced 69 of 1988 s. 9)
  Selection of assessors and payment of fees to assessors
  Where under this Ordinance the licensing court is required 
to be
  tituted by a magistrate sitting with 2 assessors, the Registrar
of the
  eme Court shall select those assessors.
  Where an assessor selected under subsection (1) attends the 
licensing
  t for which he has been so selected, he shall, irrespective of
whether
  its as an assessor, be paid a fee of an amount equal to the fee 
fixed
  r section 7A (2) of the Magistrates Ordinance (Cap. 227) to be
paid to
  ssessor for his services. (Added 69 of 1988 s. 9)
  Powers of licensing court
  ect to this Ordinance, the licensing court may determine 
its own
  edure and in particular may--
  receive and consider any material, whether by way of oral 
evidence,
  ten statements, documents or otherwise, notwithstanding 
that such
  rial would not be admissible in evidence in civil or 
criminal
  eedings;
  by notice in writing signed by the presiding magistrate, require 
any
  on to attend before it at any hearing and to give evidence and
produce
  ments;
  administer oaths and affirmations;
  examine on oath, affirmation or otherwise any person attending 
before
  t any hearing and require such person to answer all questions put 
by
  ith its consent;
  determine the manner in which the material referred to in
paragraph
  shall be received; and
  adjourn any hearing from time to time as it may deem fit, and may 
do
  things--
  ancillary to the powers conferred by this section; or
  reasonably necessary for the discharge of its functions under 
this
  nance. (Added 69 of 1988 s. 9)
  
  Immunity
  -
  member of the licensing court; and
  witness, party to any proceedings, representative or other 
person
  aring before the licensing court, shall have the same privileges 
and
  nities in any proceedings before the licensing court or 
in the
  cise of the licensing court's functions as he would have 
before a
  t in civil proceedings.
  ed 69 of 1988 s. 9)
  Determination of application for licence
  The licensing court shall fix a date for the hearing of an
application
  ed under section 9 (5) and shall give 14 clear days' notice of 
such
  to the applicant, the Registrar and the Commissioner of Police.
  nded 69 of 1988 s. 10)
  Subject to subsection (3), the licensing court shall grant a 
licence
  the hearing of an application lodged under section 9 (5) 
except

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